Wind Power Essay -- Wind Energy Global Warming

The Power of Wind Wind energy is a free and limitless power source. No matter where you go, there will always be wind. In the past, wind was captured and controlled through the use of sails for the powering of ships. Now that larger amounts of energy have been found, through the burning of fossil fuels, the art of sailing has faded to a recreational sport. Wind has also been used in the past to power mills, which have been used to pump water and grind grains. Though now these techniques of harnessing wind’s power are now not widely used, even though it is an effective power source. Wind is created by the uneven heating of the earth’s surface, and; therefore, is an unlimited source. The problem with fossil fuels is that they are pollutant and will eventually run out, whereas wind is clean and abundant. The technology and efficiency of windmills has improved significantly over the numerous years that they have been around. Figure 1: Windmills of the Past, Figure 2: and Present (University at Buffalo) The Power of Wind 3 Figure 3: Mills and the Power Generated (University at Buffalo) The windmill is a large vertical structure that can stand up to 500’ tall with blades as large as 250’. As the wind passes the rotor blades, the blades are forced to spin, therefore rotating the main shaft. Now, do to modern computers, windmills have been able to utilize a gearbox, improving the effectiveness of wind energy. These gears will control how fast the high-speed shaft will spin, the faster it spins in the generator, the more power that is produced. Then, the power is transported down the tower and directly into the city grid system. The Power of Wind 4 Figure 4: Structure of a Wind Turbine (University at Buffalo) Advantages and Dis... ... (The Economist, July 26, 2007) Wind in the Future Wind energy is definitely going to be a valuable resource in the future. The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority has a Renewal Portfolio Standard which requires that 25% of our electricity be produced from renewable sources by 2013. This shows that the US is already converting to renewable resources such as wind and solar. The Power of Wind 6 References University at Buffalo, UB Green: Wind Energy. (2007, July) http://wings.buffalo.edu/ubgreen/energyforthefuture/technologies/wind.htm July 26, 2007. Where the Wind Blows, The Economist. Retrieved July 30, 2007, http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9539765 July 26, 2007. Trapped Wind, The Economist. Retrieved July 30,2007, http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9539806&CFID=16468099&CFTOKEN=46305302

Ecotourism & people Essay

Ecotourism is a branch of tourism which seeks to extend the concept of sustainability to the tourism industry. In recent years, concerns such as the planet’s sustainability, preservation of its natural resources, balancing human activities with Mother Nature’s needs and so on, have reached all-time highs. It is exactly concerns such as these which have led to the development and growth of ecotourism. There is no single universally accepted definition of ecotourism. Indeed, several researchers, tourism providers, environmental agencies and local bodies have formulated different definitions, which vary slightly in their scope and breadth. However, three key elements are central to most of the definitions encountered in a review of the existing literature, namely: sustainability of the ecotourism location; creating an appreciation among ecotourists of the need to preserve the natural environment; creating respect and/or contributing to the development of the local cultures (Eastwood, 2009). These characteristics of ecotourism quite obviously place it into sharp contrast with traditional mass tourism. Mass tourism often attracts tourists to locations that have been extensively developed in terms of infrastructure, facilities, communication networks and so on. In doing so, the natural and physical environment of such locations is dramatically altered, in ways that are irreversible. Moreover, large amounts of energy may be consumed to sustain such establishments. In contrast, ecotourism seeks maximum preservation of the natural environment of designated locations. Indeed, the very charm for an ecotourist lies in visiting a location that still remains largely untouched by modern development. Mass tourism also makes no claims to educate tourists with regard to the environment. The main offering of mass tourism is typically entertainment and leisure. Individuals availing this form of tourism typically use their holidays to take a temporary break from their commitments, choosing to relax and unwind during the interval before returning to their routine lifestyle. Unless the tourists specifically choose to embark on an educational journey in areas of personal interest, most journeys do not have serious objectives, and this factor is reflected in the marketing appeals used by mass tourism providers. Finally, while tourists in the realm of mass tourism are most certainly exposed to different cultures and people, this interaction is generally viewed as more of an exotic exposure rather than anything more meaningful or substantial. There is no pressing need felt by the tourists or the mass tourism providers to contribute to the different communities visited or to be concerned about their development. On the other hand, most genuine ecotourism initiatives are geared to the development of host communities, with long term planning and financial resources being channeled towards this objective (Schellhorn, 2010). Part Two: The Ecotourist Experience The unique aspects of the ecotourist experience and its implications for host communities are explored next. Motivations are not homogenous: It would be misleading to assume that all tourists visiting ecotourism locations have the same motivations. An analysis of tourists at Al Maha, an ecotourist resort in Dubai, revealed that the average tourist is simply motivated to come and enjoy the desert setting more than anything else. Many of the tourists are rich individuals, primarily businessmen and women, who simply desire an exotic temporary accommodation as an alternate to hotels in the city. While at the resort, such individuals do not sever ties with their corporations, or typically immerse themselves in the indigenous culture as the ideal ecotourist is expected to do. Another segment of tourists at this resort consists of honeymooning couples looking for a romantic getaway – again, not the stereotype of the dedicated ecotourist (Ryan & Stewart, 2009). Since the motivation itself is lacking, the Al Maha ecotourist resort is hardly able to change the tourists perceptions regarding sustainability or the need to preserve and appreciate the natural environment and local cultures. Scale of development: The Al Maha resort example discussed above also raises an import concern: the scale of development within ecotourism locations. Al Maha is extensively projected as an ecotourist destination; however, it has been extensively developed, almost resembling a luxury resort! The resort also consumes vast amounts of energy in maintaining its facilities, which runs somewhat contrary to the concept of sustainability of resources. Those in support of large scale ecotourist destinations claim that expansion of such projects is almost a prerequisite if such projects are required to have a substantial impact globally (Buckley, 2009). Tourist behavior may be counter-productive: A study conducted at three ecotourist destinations in the Himalayas revealed that, in some instances, so called â€Å"ecotourists† were actually creating compounding problems of pollution by littering and improper disposal of non-biodegradable items. Ironically, the management of hotels was doing no better either – discharge of untreated waste water was rampant (Batta, 2006). Such behavior is in complete violation of the spirit of ecotourism. It not only spoils the experience of true ecotourists who may also be frequenting such resorts, but is also a social issue since it creates discomfort for the local residents. New income may not be channeled in sustainable activities: Whereas income generation for the local community members at ecotourism locations is an expected and desired outcome, this new income may defeat the objectives of sustainability if it is channeled in undesired activities. For example, a case study conducted in Brazil and Peru revealed that locals used the income generated from employment at ecotourism locations to engage in needless, extravagant consumption of goods. Moreover, earning income from this means did not deter them from engaging in activities such as hunting or unsustainable exploitation of natural resources (Stronza & Pegas, 2008). This study highlights the need to educate the local communities involved in ecotourism initiatives if the full benefits of these initiatives are to be realized. The negative impacts of overcrowding: The ecotourist’s experience is most fulfilling if the location is perceived to offer a serene, calm environment, where one can get away from hustle-and-bustle and really connect with nature. This is precisely the reason why overcrowding can seriously deter the ecotourist’s enjoyment of his/her experience (Ormsby & Mannle, 2006). Managers of ecotourism locations are placed in a quandary, particularly if they are aiming to generate significant amount of funds from attracting tourists. On the one hand, they want their destination to become popular and attract the optimal level of tourists; on the other hand, if overcrowding occurs, then the destination loses its appeal for true ecotourists. Ethical dilemmas: In her article entitled â€Å"Ethics and ecotourism: connections and conflicts†, Stark (2002) proposed a series of questions pertaining to ethical concerns in the realm of ecotourism. A few summarized questions, pertinent especially to those in the tourism industry who provide travel packages claiming to be ecotours, are as follows: What is the â€Å"carrying capacity† of a specific site (or in other words, how many tourists it can support), beyond which the local environment would be prone to harm? Is ecotourism simply being projected as a fashion statement or something which is â€Å"in†? Are local cultures simply being objectified rather than truly appreciated? What are the net costs and benefits of ecotourism activities? Do local communities benefit, and are they involved at each level of implementation? Is care being taken, particularly in developing countries, that sites which have rich traditional or cultural heritage are not being exploited for commercial purposes? These are just some of the numerous questions which come to the fore when choosing a destination for ecotourism and designing and implementing a strategy which is ethically sound. It is an accepted fact that the development of any form of tourism, even ecotourism, has long-lasting impacts on local communities. Therefore, it is vital for ecotourism development agencies to take the locals on board and determine in advance what nature and level of changes are acceptable to them (Butcher, 2006). Unsuitable nature of education provisions: Stem et. al (2003), in an article entitled â€Å"Ecotourism and education for sustainability: a critical approach†, that most of the insights and educational experienced provided at ecotourism locations currently are not up to par and sufficient to generate a proper understanding of sustainability and environmentally friendly activities among tourists. Some tours provide theoretical data, others provide adventure and thrill, whereas still others merely encourage tourists to immerse themselves in their surroundings and appreciate natural beauty. What is lacking is the kind of education which would motivate attitudinal and behavioral change among tourists, not only while they are on tour but something which they can appreciate, act upon and tell others about as well once the tour has ended. Longitudinal studies could be employed to find out whether ecotourists actually change and maintain their changed behavior over an extended period of time after a given trip, but such studies have largely been lacking to date (Buckley, 2009).

Emergence of Crime Prevention and Community Safety in the UK during 1970 and 1980 Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Lea (2007) mentioned that there has been increasing concern with rising crime and falling police cleanups during 1980 and argues that opportunist offenders were the ones difficult to be traced who indulged in mass property thefts which were untraceable and identical with other products also. Reiner (2000, p. 82) mentioned that recorded crime rates rocketed during free-market triumphalism in the 1980s which was mainly in property crimes. Economic deprivation, family breakdown, rapid population turnover contributed to the general decline of the processes of informal social control by which local communities discouraged criminality. Figure 1 shows the increasing trend in property crimes during 1980 s which was noticed by Margaret Thatcher and was the agenda of her election campaign. Figure 2 shows the annual percentage change in property crime from 1978 to 1990 which is growing year by year. According to research conducted by Police Federation of England and Wales, household consumpti on is recognized as the principal economic indicator of economic well being thereby increasing the expectations of lifetime income and value of goods for theft (www. polfed. org). The inexorable rise in recorded crime that began in the late 1950s was kick-started by a number of consequences of the development of mass consumerist affluent society which had several implications for the growth of property crimes constituting the bulk of offending. We will write a custom essay sample on Emergence of Crime Prevention and Community Safety in the UK during 1970 and 1980 or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Failed Revolutions in Office Space - 1720 Words

The film â€Å"Office Space† depicts several employees at a software firm trying and failing at rebelling against the company they work for. The revolutions against the management and their subsequent failures are explained by Karl Marx’s theories on the proletariat and bourgeoisie in The Communist Manifesto. The workers were not going far enough in their attempts to improve their lives. In proving the failed rebellions of the employees can be explained by The Communist Manifesto, it must first be proven that the movie accurately represents the proletariat and bourgeoisie classes and their struggle. In this movie the employees at Initech, especially the main character Peter Gibbons, and their upper management, specifically Bill Lumbergh,†¦show more content†¦The working conditions and their effects make the working class â€Å"enslaved by the machine† and â€Å"by the overlooker† (Marx). These two types of enslavement are seen in the film by Pete r Gibbons’ computer taking minutes to save his files, which prevents him from escaping his boss, who then tells Peter he needs to work Saturday and Sunday (Office Space). The workers at Initech, especially the main character, are now shown to be accurate representations of the proletariat as described by Marx. It has now been proven that in the film the bosses accurately represent the bourgeoisie and the employees accurately represent the proletariat, now it must be shown that the actions of the bosses and employees can be explained through Marx’s theory on conflict between the proletariat and bourgeoisie. The laying off of employees is done to maximize profit as it is cheaper hiring â€Å"entry-level graduates† and â€Å"farm some work in Singapore† instead of people who have work at Initech for years (Office Space). This drive to maximize profits is so the â€Å"markets [keep] ever growing, demand ever rising,† which is what fuels the â€Å"mode rn bourgeois† (Marx). Marx writes that these kinds of actions of the bourgeoisie will eventually make â€Å"man†¦face with sober senses his real conditions of his life, and his relation with his kind† (Marx)... This is a key plot event in the film, wherein PeterShow MoreRelatedFailed Revolutions in Office Space1760 Words   |  8 PagesThe film â€Å"Office Space† depicts several employees at a software firm trying and failing at rebelling against the company they work for. The revolutions against the management and their subsequent failures are explained by Karl Marx’s theories on the proletariat and bourgeoisie in The Communist Manifesto. The problem that the workers encountered was a result of not going far enough in their attempts at improving their lives. In proving the failed rebellions of the employees can be explained by TheRead MoreGendered Spaces Of Gender And Gender Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesTo begin, gendered spaces are areas created to control the arrangement and placement of genders. Biopolitics is a system of controlling the way people live and move through storing order or restriction. Therefore, this makes gendered spaces biopolitical; given that gendered spaces control the movement of genders. Gender bias not to be confused with sexism; means to be prejudice and discriminate against another gender. In other words, it is the belief that one gender is superior over another, typicallyRead MoreMao Zedong : A Communist Dictator Responsible For The Death Of Millions1505 Words   |  7 Pages When people hear the name â€Å"Mao Zedong†, they immediately think of a stubby communist dictator responsible for the death of millions. Although many of his reforms failed and millions died, many argue that he his â€Å"good† outweigh his â€Å"bad†. He saved the ailing nation of China, molding it to the nation it is today. Mao Zedong was born on December 26, 1893 to a relatively wealthy farmer in the small village of Shaoshan, Hunan. When he was eight, he attended a small school in his village, where he learnedRead MoreApplication And Device / Hardware Level1400 Words   |  6 Pagescase with evolution of modern day operating systems or internet revolution. Future IoT initiative shall have security shall be holistically implemented at network, application and device/hardware level. We should definitely leverage wide knowledge base and research investments we have already made in the embedded systems, OS, web and mobile security space. Top security software providers, market leaders in the technical corporate space and federal institutions, and tight laws shall be built to makeRead MoreIndustrialization During The Industrial Revolution913 Words   |  4 PagesTo begin with, the Industrial Revolution above all period of history increased the border amongst the wealthy and the underprivileged. As a res ult of building trust on companies to play a role in income, Capitalism was consequently determinedly renowned as the existing economy that we still customized until this day. What is Industrialization? Industrialization is described as the development of modifying from an agriculture and artisanal social and economic system to an industrialized program. ThisRead MoreJohn F Kennedy served as the 35th president of the United States until his term tragically was cut1200 Words   |  5 Pagespublic and although they mesmerized everyone they helped more than the American public realizes. Even though the Kennedy Administration failed to prevent the spread of communism to Cuba, Kennedy was able to bring support for the Cold War, lessened the lead Russia had over the United States, and create lasting effects on Americans through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. John F. Kennedy attended the Vienna summit in 1961 where he attempted to disarm the conflict that was growing betweenRead MoreThe Fall Of The Berlin Wall1346 Words   |  6 PagesSoviet Union. Thus, when the wall was torn down, it had a huge impact on its supporters. The Soviet’s president in 1989 during the fall of the Berlin wall was Mikhail Gorbachev, â€Å"the first Soviet leader to be born after the revolution† (New World Encyclopedia). When he took office the Soviet Union was already in a decline. There had been a big wave of reform stretching over the nation, and people wanted a change. Gorbachev offered that change through policies such as free speech and open markets. HisRead MoreA New Type Of Warfare Total War870 Words   |  4 PagesWith the invention of new types of troop and supply transports, as well as the invention of the telegraph, the war faced a new era of modern combat. Prior to the Civil War, the antebellum period of America brought forth a miniature technological revolution. Starting with canals, private American companies began investing in building new ways to connect the country. After the construction of the Erie Canal, America experienced a boom of canal-building that lasted into the 1840s when railroads surpassedRead MoreHow successful has the regeneration of urban areas been given the variety of ways it has been undertaken? (40 marks) 1379 Words   |  6 PagesSuccesses of the area included reclaiming 600 hectares of derelict land and spending  £300 million on improving utilities. Old warehouses and industry buildings were converted into flats, shops and health clubs, and the West India Quay offers luxury offices, apartments and retail shops. This all contributes to the economy of the area, boosting the multiplier effect as more people live there and are employed there, and it could be argued that they achieved their aim to ‘b ring land and buildings backRead MoreThe Beginning Of The Cold War1718 Words   |  7 Pagessuperpowers: Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Berlin, the capital of Germany, was located in the Soviet controlled section of Germany. Tensions between the United States and Soviet Union had been rising since the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917. The beginning of the Cold War came when the two superpowers could not come to an agreement as to how Germany would be governed in the turmoil that came after World War II. With the start of the Second World War, those existing

Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment And The...

The impacts of increased greenhouse gas admission are evident through the rising global temperatures, causing extreme natural disasters and expanding sea levels. Anthropogenic climate change refers to the production of greenhouse gases emitted into the earth’s atmosphere as a result of human expansion and activity. According to research conducted by The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA, 2016) the average global temperature of the Earth has risen 0.87 degrees Celsius from 1880 to 2016, the highest temperature rise recorded to date, as a result of heightened greenhouse gas admissions. It is essential to identify the causes of anthropogenic climate change and recognize the significant negative impact it is having on the global environment and the population. The increased release of carbon dioxide (CO2) through human activity is a major contributing factor to global warming. The human race contributes to the issue of climate change through the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. These activities release vast amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere, which have caused the earth’s temperature to rise (Society, 2016). This process is known as the ‘Greenhouse gas effect’, in which heat from the earth is trapped in the atmosphere by gases, such as CO2, causing the surface of the earth to warm. (Environment.gov.au, 2016). One of the main ways humans emit fossil fuels into the atmosphere is through industrial operations.Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Global Warming On The World1235 Words   |  5 PagesThey may not be feeling the effects of global warming at the moment, but in time it will become a more widespread issue. The effects of global warming are hard to refute, and there is endless evidence of this growing probl em in our world today. The continuation of global warming is a serious threat to everyone and everything on Earth. Global warming has been a problem for over a hundred years, and it continues to grow every day. The first evidence of global warming was discovered in 1859 by JohnRead MoreHow Are We Affected by Global Warming and How Can We Stop It?1259 Words   |  6 PagesHow are we effected by global warming and how can we stop it? Global warming directly effects everyone and everything on Earth. The concentration of greenhouse gasses is climbing at an alarming rate. Many negative issues will take place if nothing is done stop the destruction of the Earths atmosphere. Humans, plants, and animals contribute to the cycle of life on earth. The extinction of plants and animals caused by global warming can lead to worldwide panic. The future flooding of the EarthRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Natural Phenomenon1218 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming Global warming is a natural phenomenon. People produce greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, by burning fossil minerals, cutting down trees and stripping the land, often referred to as deforestation. These greenhouse gases have high permeability to the visible light from the sun radiation, but they are highly absorbent to the long wave radiation that is reflected from the earth. These gases have especially strong absorption to the infrared from ground radiation. This phenomenonRead MoreEnvironmental Sustainable Development : Global Warming1696 Words   |  7 Pagesreferred to as global warming. Apparently, in the minds of many, the term global warming refers to increase in global temperatures. No need to worry because the world survives the heat in summer and people living in the scoring heat regions enjoy life thanks to air conditioning technology. Apparently, the world is yet to understand the threats posed by global warming to the present and future generations. That is the reas on people continue to engage in activities that contribute to global warming. EnvironmentalistsRead More Solutions to Global Warming Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pagesco-workers. There have even been movies made about it. The â€Å"it† is global warming. â€Å"Global warming refers to the global-average temperature increase that has been observed over the last one hundred years or more† (Spencer). Some experts argue that global warming is a result of human activities, while others believe the warming and cooling of the Earth’s atmosphere is a natural cycle. Supporters of human induced global warming stress that since the Industrial Revolution we have released excessiveRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effect On The Global Environment1144 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal warming has emerged as one of the most serious concerns for scientists and environmentalists in the 21st century. This is based on the negative impact of global warming, which is not limited to deforestation, drastic variations in climate, decline in output of global agricultu ral industry, degradation of ice sheets in Antarctic, decrease in ocean productivity, rise in sea levels, and increase in tornadoes, hurricanes and floods. The primary reason for global warming has been identified asRead MoreThe Changing Relationship Between Nature And Society1658 Words   |  7 Pages As Barrack Obama once stated â€Å"All across the world, in every kind of environment and region known to man, increasingly dangerous weather patterns and devastating storms are abruptly putting an end to the long-running debate over whether or not climate change is real. Not only is it real, it s here, and its effects are giving rise to a frighteningly new global phenomenon: the man-made natural disaster.† (Obama, 2006). In this speech Obama spoke honestly and truthfully about the current situationRead MoreThe Effects of Global Warming on the Planet1158 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal warming can be defined as the increase in the earths sea level due to an increase in surface temperature. In decades past, there have been debates on what can be causing global warming. Greenhouse gasses and ozone depletion are one of the most important factors that geologists are facing in the fight against global warming. It presents a major problem for not only geologists, but also for policy m akers, foresters, scientists, and most definitely the inhabitants of the Earth. Greenhouse effectsRead MoreGlobal Warming and Its Effects1352 Words   |  6 PagesGLOBAL WARMING AND ITS EFFECTS Global Warming effects on the natural balance of environment. The world climate is going a significant change day by day. There are many causes of Global Warming. The destruction and burning down of tropical forests , traffic clogging up the city streets , rapid growth of unplanned industries, the use of CFCs in packaging and manufacturing products, the use of detergents etc. cause Global Warming. Besides, overpopulation, deforestation are the causative factorsRead MoreEssay on Global Warming: Humans Are Destroying the Planet1327 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone knows that global warming is a serious environmental health problem with its effects reflecting on nature and all of mankind on Earth since the mid-twentieth century – emission of concentrated greenhouse gases, rise of sea levels, melting of polar ice caps, and increase in global surface air temperature. The rise in global surface air temperature causes frequent droughts in dry areas and accelerated ocean warming and hence the rapid increase in sea levels and melting of the polar ice caps

Financial Management †Risk Analysis Free Essays

There are also reputation threats such as damage to the company’s reputation in the market or from employee loyalty. You also have procedural risk, project, and financial, technical risk. Natural and political risk as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Management – Risk Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Company decision makers must think through the systems, organizations or structures they operate, and analyze risks to any part of them. Once the threats have been acknowledged, the next step is to work out the probability of the threat being carried out and to evaluate its impact. A company must workout the value of risks It faces, so that the company can start to look at ways of dealing with them. When a company does this, It Is critical to choose cost effective methods. Risk analysis allows an organization to examine the risks that it faces. It Is based on a well thought out plan of attack In thinking through threats, followed by an evaluation of the probability and cost of Incidents occurring. Risk analysis forms the basis for risk management and crisis prevention. Five Interview Questions- Week SIX 1 . How would you Identify threats facing your company? . After Identifying the threats facing your company, how would you go about In assessing Its Impact? 3. How would you go about managing risk to your company? 4. After carrying out a risk analysis would you continue with regular reviews? 5. Why Is risk analysis so Important for a company? Financial Management – Risk Analysis By Judicial threats such as damage to the company’s reputation in the market or from employee A company must workout the value of risks it faces, so that the company can start to kook at ways of dealing with them. When a company does this, it is critical to choose it faces. It is based on a well thought out plan of attack in thinking through threats, followed by an evaluation of the probability and cost of incidents occurring. Risk Five Interview Questions- Week Six 1 . How would you identify threats facing your company? 2. After identifying the threats facing your company, how would you go about in assessing its impact? 5. Why is risk analysis so important for a company? How to cite Financial Management – Risk Analysis, Essays

Employee Absenteeism In Primary Healthcare - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Employee Absenteeism In Primary Healthcare. Answer: Introduction The word absenteeism means unscheduled absences. In the health care section, the word absenteeism refers to the medical staffs that include particularly nurses in settings of health cares which gives rise to continual strain and also affects the quality services of the health care that are received by their patients (Nelson et al., 2014). The ability of the health care also gets affected by absenteeism that mainly deals effectively with the challenges that comes from the factors of environment and also has a great effect for all the functions that are carried out in the organization of the health care. There should be ample number of nurses and doctors in all heath centers and clinics or in hospitals so that all the patients are attended with outmost care and they can give quality services to their patients. The providers of health care stands as a backbone to any organization of health care to deliver their systems (Kocakulah et al., 2016). There must be adequate number of nurses fo r addressing properly the heath and care needed by their patients and also serve their country well. The challenge that is faced by the health cares is number of absenteeism among the nursing staffs. In this report, detailed is discussed about the reason of absenteeism mostly in health care organizations. Secondary data are collected in literature review from various literatures describing the reason behind absenteeism. The factor that influences absenteeism in health care are also discussed elaborately. This report also sheds light on the challenges that are faced by the absence management while controlling the sickness absence in an organization of health care or personal clinics. Conceptual Framework Absenteeism of employees is one of the most important and critical issue that is mostly faced by the health care sectors. The reason for increasing the absenteeism is absence management in organizations and health care sectors. The reason for the absenteeism in organization happens due to various factors. Absences of employees can cause disruptive in businesses and also can cost high to the organization. The managers who are involved in the management have to mainly understand the main cause behind absenteeism and then implement the strategies for managing them. The main aim of this research is to find reason behind absenteeism of employees in health sector is mainly studied in this report. The reasons are elaborately studied in this research and how to overcome those are also discussed in this research paper. Figure 1: Mind Map Research Questions How the employee absenteeism affects the absence management in health sector? What are the recommendation of the effectiveness of absence management to reduce Absence in health cares? Literature Review According to (Durand et al., 2014), absenteeism can be defined as involuntary absence that occurs due to some reasons that are not in control of the employees and the voluntary absence involves absence that occurs when an employee makes his own decision for not to go for their work. Zuo Zhao (2014), stated that it is difficult to differentiate between involuntary absence and voluntary absence in an organization. The only way to distinguish between them is the frequency assessment and also duration of leave that has been taken by the employee. If the frequency of the absence is high, then it is regarded as voluntary absence and if the frequency of leave has low frequency, then it is considered as involuntary absence. Voluntary absence is considered as an unplanned absence and it is also termed as short termed leave. As stated by (Swink et al., 2014), according to perspective of a system, there are many different factors that influences absenteeism to influence absence among the healt h workers in an organization of health care. The factors involved mainly are categorized in three sectors: content or workplace factor, cultural and organizational factor and also personal factor. There can be absenteeism due to employment sector. There can be absenteeism due to high as well as low setting of resources in a public organization such as hospitals and health care organization. (Gosselin, Lemyre Corneil, 2013) found in an research study that in a health sector in Costa Rica, the number of absenteeism is increasing in the health organizations which is not often addressed in the frameworks of health systems. The size of the health care can also influence the number of absenteeism. There is an argument that organizations that are large have minimum group cohesiveness, efforts of individual goes unnoticed and also has greater bureaucracy. Kristman et al. (2016) stated by doing an evaluation on the impact of the changes that takes place in health care sectors due to organizational reforms and reimbursement methods mainly on absenteeism. They evaluated that the number of absenteeism is increasing day by day in large hospitals with comparison to smaller ones. In Kenya, (Daouk-yry et al., 2014) it was reported that employees of hospitals in sub-districts and main districts were more absent than the employees in health centers and small dispensaries. The reason for absenteeism may also come from the location of facility of the heath care. The health care is in rural or urban place also decides the percentage of absenteeism in health care centers. The absence rate also depends on the area where the workers live and their distance to hospitals. (Kangas et al., 2017) considered that in a country like Nigeria, the number of absenteeism in rural areas should be more because of the irregular transport problem and the workers of the hospitals and dispensaries had to travel further distances. But the actual situation was totally different according to (Johnson et al., 2014). They found that hospitals in urban areas have more absenteeism compared to rural areas. Challenges Faced by Absence Management Absence due to sickness is mainly considered as a context of macro-economic factor that is needed to lessen the societal cost and also helps in effective allocation of the resources (Jones Killion, 2017). There is much little evaluation for the absentees due to sickness because personal consequences are not at all well-defined. The managers of the absence management are mainly responsible to control the absence of the organization (Keasberry et al., 2017). The managers have to implement certain strategies that help to control the absence rate in the workplace. Also, there should be good understanding to carry out the role in all these processes. It is relevant to managers to include all the stakeholders under the policies that are stated by the management (Loke et al., 2015). The managers have to understand their positions and are expected to implement practices and policies in the organization of healthcare. If their positions are not understood properly, then there may arise a pot ential complication among the managers of the organization of health sectors. Effectiveness of Managers in Reducing Absence There are many strategies that are explored by researchers that effects in reducing the percentage of absence among the staffs of health care. The managers play a proactive role in managing the absence due to sickness (Zboril-Benson, 2016). The managers can make the employees feel valuable to the organization which can decrease the rate of absenteeism in organization of health cares. The managers can maintain the absence rate in many ways. The management can keep a touch with all its employees who are in leave because of sickness for planning the adjustment to make a quick return to the work. According to (Zingg et al., 2015), absence that lasts for less than 28 days are considered as short-term absence. The patterns of absences are mostly evaluated in short-term absences. The managers who are effective in their work mainly encourage the individuals to take off when they face difficulties and discomforts. This approach of the manager is considered as a key message in sickness absence management. Tracking of presence is also considered as imperative. It is also necessary for the managers of absence management to review history of all the absences that takes place in the organization. This is mainly done to view whether the pattern of absence of a particular nursing staff improves or the pattern gets worse (Engel et al., 2014). The managers are to be given relevant training so that they are capable of identifying the changes in the behavior of their staffs. The way by which managers get to know whether the problems that are involved for sickness absence are genuine or not is only by their experience. The employee welfare should also be noticed to reduce absence due to sickness in an organization. Project Execution Plan Y?ld?z et al. (2015) illustrated the data that were interviewed face to face in a health care of Turkey. A questionnaire session was held by (Nelson et al, 2014), in between the employees who aged between 19 years to 50 years. Almost 168 employees of healthcare were questioned where it was found that employees who were absent more than two times for the reason of illness in last one year was about 32. The working hours of the employees were also less than the actual time as stated in (Vossen van Gestel, 2015). Allover, the percentage of absenteeism was about 32% after surveying the employees. The employees that were surveyed were mostly monthly paid. The research that was conducted by (Belita, Mbindyo English, 2013), considered presenteeism and absenteeism as an outcome variable and the efficiency and working hours are considered as predictor variables. Bothe the outcome variables and the predictor variables are constructed well from the research that was conducted. (Fagan et al., 2014) also considered some controlled variables that include job, education, workers, gender, working experience, age and many more. Project Schedule and Gantt Chart Task Name Duration Start Finish Research Project 101 days Mon 05-02-18 Mon 25-06-18 Proposal development 11 days Mon 05-02-18 Mon 19-02-18 Selection of the topic for the research project 2 days Mon 05-02-18 Tue 06-02-18 Preparing the layout for proposal 4 days Wed 07-02-18 Mon 12-02-18 Design the research proposal 5 days Tue 13-02-18 Mon 19-02-18 Submission of the proposal 0 days Mon 19-02-18 Mon 19-02-18 Complete research work 90 days Tue 20-02-18 Mon 25-06-18 Literature Review 42 days Tue 20-02-18 Wed 18-04-18 Developing the proper methodology for research 9 days Thu 19-04-18 Tue 01-05-18 Identification of proper sources for the secondary data 5 days Wed 02-05-18 Tue 08-05-18 Collection of the secondary Data 10 days Wed 09-05-18 Tue 22-05-18 Analysis of the Data 6 days Wed 23-05-18 Wed 30-05-18 Collection of findings from the analysis 6 days Thu 31-05-18 Thu 07-06-18 Drawing conclusions from the study 5 days Fri 08-06-18 Thu 14-06-18 Preparation of rough draft for the study 4 days Fri 15-06-18 Wed 20-06-18 Review of the work 3 days Thu 21-06-18 Mon 25-06-18 Final submission 0 days Mon 25-06-18 Mon 25-06-18 Table 1: (Project Schedule) (Source: Created by Author) Gantt Chart Figure 2: (Gantt Chart) (Source: Created by author) Data Sources Variable Definition All Outcome Variable Absenteeism Person has been absent two or more times because of illness during the past 12 mo = 1, otherwise = 0 32 Presenteeism Person has been present two or more times while sick during the past 12 mo = 1, otherwise = 0 68 Predictor Variables Policy Variables Working hr match Desired and actual weekly working hr match exactly = 1, otherwise = 0 32 Efficiency demands In tough situations efficiency rules out everything else in firm, according to the survey respondent = 1, otherwise = 0 49 Control Variables Gender Male = 1 Female = 0 70 30 Age (yr) 18-35 = 1 35 = 0 61 40 Job Doctor/Dentist = 1, otherwise = 0 (reference) Nurse/Midwife = 1, otherwise = 0 Health Technician = 1, otherwise = 0 7 33 60 Education Health College/Associate Degree = 1, otherwise = 0 (reference) Undergraduate Degree = 1, otherwise = 0 Postgraduate Degree = 1, otherwise = 0 27 54 19 Occupational Experience (yr) 1-10 = 1, otherwise = 0 (reference) 11-20 = 1, otherwise = 0 20 = 1, otherwise = 0 42 46 11 Replaceability Replacement is not possible = 1, otherwise = 0 (reference) Replacement is possible by substitutes = 1, otherwise =0 Replacement is possible by colleagues = 1, otherwise = 0 11 15 74 Additional Payments Additional payments are cut back when employees has been absent = 1, otherwise = 0 Additional payments are not cut back when employees has been absent = 1, otherwise = 0 60 40 N 168 Note- Those who have never been or once absent (present while sick) during the last 12 months are marked as zero and those who have been absent (present) two or more times as one. This gives a prevalence of 32% for absenteeism and 65% for presenteeism Table 2: Showing data for Turkey Health Cares Sl. No. Links 1. https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/mp23.pdf 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3721994/ 3. https://www.hse.ie/eng/staff/Resources/managingattendance.pdf 4. https://www.ibec.ie/IBEC/DFB.nsf/vPages/Research_and_surveys~Employer_issues~ibec-guide-to-managing-absence-16-05-2013/$file/Employee%20Absenteeism%20-%20A%20Guide%20to%20Managing%20Absence.pdf 5. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0030/396723/qh-gdl-094.pdf 6. https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877042815052428/1-s2.0-S1877042815052428-main.pdf?_tid=a38bb012-e62f-11e7-8b7f-00000aab0f27acdnat=1513847974_5a0374bce74b10075e4db05508addb68 Table 3: (Data Links) Conclusion The sector of health care and social well-being is mainly considered as inherent demand of the patients. The organization of health care focuses more on patients than the service providers of their heath cares. The employees have duty to provide a good service to all their patients without the support of the staffs in management. The phenomenon of being absent mainly affects the morale of their duties and services. Absenteeism gives rise to stress in workplace. The other staffs of nursing also faces problems by absenteeism of other staffs and the patients are not served properly. Absenteeism gives low satisfactory level in healthcare sectors that are associated with all the working conditions, unfairness, and personal reasons of the services that are provided to the patients. The qualities of the services that are given to the patients are mostly negatively affected by the escalation of the absenteeism in organizations of health cares. 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